ABSTRACT

Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive and memory deterioration associated with shrinkage of brain tissue, with localized loss of neurons mainly in the hippocampus and basal forebrain, with central cholinergic loss neurotransmitter-acetylcholine and also reported to be associated with accumulation of β amyloid plaques leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. The current study aims at the measurement of the certain biochemical parameters such as concentrations of red blood cell choline, glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho), phosphocholine (PCho) and lipid-bound choline in blood and AchE estimation in the brain homogenate .The Behavioural tests such as Rectangular maze test, Morris Water maze test and Locomotor activity were also conducted to evaluate the learning and memory parameters. Red blood cell choline in the Conyza canadensis Extract (CCE) treated group(18.7±2.3 nmol/ml) was significantly lower than in the Scopolamine treated group(41.4± 9.2 nmol/ml) (p<0.023). The Red blood cell lipid-bound choline (1387 ±58 nmol/ml) in the Disease control(Scopolamine) group was significantly lower (p<0.0022) than in the CCE treated group (1667±65). It was noticed that there were no significant differences in PCho, GroPCho, Plasma choline and lipid-bound choline between the groups. CCE treatment significantly inhibited the brain AchE level (26.91±8.10) compared to the scopolamine treated group (9.5±1.87). The CCE treated group has shown significant (P < 0.05) decrease in transfer latency when compared to disease control group in Rectangular maze test and Morris water maze test. On detection of locomotor activity using actophotometer, the CCE treated mice showed significant transfer latency on 7th day (168.29±14.6) when compared to the Scopolamine treatment group (135.78± 14.9). The above results indicate memory enhancing capacity of the Conyza canadensis ethanolic herbal extract.

Keywords: Phosphatidylcholine, Choline(Cho), Red blood cell, Conyza canadensis, Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), Scopolamine, Morris water maze.

ABSTRACT

Stem cell are biological cells found in all multi cellular organisms, that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and self-renew to produce more stem cells. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cell. Embryonic stem cells that are isolated from inner cell mass blastocytes and adult’s stem cell that found in various tissues .In adult organisms that stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body replenished in adults tissues. Stem cells are culture in culture dish. Healthy potential stem cell are extracted and prepared and administered into a damaged body parts. stem cell are used to treat many Potential treatments like Brain damage, Cancer, Spinal cord injury , Heart damage , Haematopoiesis (blood cell formation) Baldness, Missing teeth, Deafness, Blindness and vision impairment, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Cohn\'s disease, Neural and behavioural birth defects , Diabetes , Orthopaedics , Wound healing , Infertility , Clinical Trials , Stem cell use in animals , Veterinary applications, Potential contributions to veterinary medicine also.

Keywords: Stem cells, Embryonic Stem cell, Adult Stem cell, Blastocytes, Cell potent.

ABSTRACT

Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome often abbreviated to benzo withdrawal is the cluster of symptoms that emerge when a person who has taken benzodiazepines has developed a physical dependence and undergoes dosage reduction or discontinuation. It is characterized by often severe sleep disturbance, irritability, increased tension and anxiety, panic attacks, hand tremor, sweating, difficulty in concentration, confusion and cognitive difficulty, memory problems, dry retching and nausea, weight loss, palpitations, headache, muscular pain and stiffness, a host of perceptual changes, hallucinations, seizures, psychosis, and suicide. This review discussed on these symptoms are notable for the manner in which they wax and wane and vary in severity from day to day or week by week instead of steadily decreasing in a straightforward linear manner.

Keywords: Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, Symptoms, Treatment.

ABSTRACT

The present study is an investigation of anti-epileptic activity of Macaranga peltata Roxb. is a well-known plant which is being used in Northern Thailand, Sri Lanka and India for treating epilepsy. The ethanol extract of Macaranga peltata Roxb. (EMP) was subjected to acute toxicity and then screened for anticonvulsant activity on Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures model in albino wistar rats. Acute toxicity of extract was non toxic up to the recommended dose 2000 mg/kg. p.o. Animals were treated with EMP at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. In Pentylenetetrazole induced seizure model, onset of myoclonic spasm and clonic convulsion was delayed in the EMP treated groups. EMP showed anti-epileptic activity against PTZ animal model. However, further studies still needed to be carried on exposure of the extract to humans.

Keywords: Anti-epileptic activity, Macaranga peltata Roxb., Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ).

ABSTRACT

The leaves of Ochna obtusata DC. is traditionally used for treats epilepsy. In present study the effect of ethanol extract of Ochna obtusata DC. (EEOO) on antioxidant enzymes in rat brain after induction of epilepsy by PTZ were observed. In which Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase was significantly (P<0.01) decreased in rat brain due to epilepsy and it was significantly (P<0.01) restored by administration of ethanol extract of Ochna obtusata DC. treated rats. Similar dose dependent results were obtained in PTZ model. Whereas EEOO significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in PTZ model. The anticonvulsant activity of EEOO might be presents of antioxidant properties and it delays the generation of free radical in PTZ induced epilepsy.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, Ochna obtusata DC, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Reductase; Catalase, Lipid peroxidation.