The aim of the present study was to investigate the Gastro protective effect of selected Indian medicinal plant Trichosanthes cucumerina belonging to family: Cucurbitaceae. 50Ùª ethanolic extact of Trichosanthes cucumerina was used for gastroprotective effects on experimental models in rats.All the drug solutions were prepared in 1% CMC solution and administered twice daily for five days drug treatment. Three distinct animal models were taken for efficient estimation of ulcerogenic activity. Model 1: Pylorus ligation + aspirin induced gastric ulcer model, Model 2: Acetic acid induced gastric ulcer, Model 3: Ethanol-hydrochloric acid induced gastric ulcer. After drug treatment the rats were sacrificed for measurement of ulcer index and chemical parameters. Result: The fruit extract showed a dose dependent effect on Anti ulcer activity in rats. Conclusion: our result showed that TCE possess significant gastro protective activity, which might be due to gastric defence factor. Keywords: Trichosanthes cucumerina fruits, Ethanolic extract, Aspirin, Ulcer models.

Zika virus is a serious cause of concern in developing nation’s worldwide of patients with serious complications spreading promptly. It is a major threat, as far the foetal transmission is concern, Hence a stand point is that an approach with the prevention of the disease primarily, with the management of pandemic zika virus with treatment protocol is very essential to curb the wide spread trait of this pandemic virus. Hence, only in this context remarkable information of the virus with is prevention and diagnosis has been debated. Keywords: Zika virus, History, Prevention, Diagnostic consideration.

Typhoid fever is a major health problem, due to lack of culture facilities and other definitive diagnosis methods at most of district hospital in Nepal. This study was aimed to know the prevalence of Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. A total of 4619 febrile patients suspecting the cases of typhoid fever by clinician, attending at Shree Birendra hospital during May- November 2013 were subjected to culture. Blood sample (5ml) was collected from the suspected cases and inoculated immediately into 45ml of Brain heart infusion broth (BHI) and further processed for the identification of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi isolates were determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of 4619 blood sample, 8.7% (n= 403) sample were culture positive. Among culture positive, 66.3% (n=267) cases were S. Typhi, 26.1% (n=105) cases were S. Paratyphi and 7.7% (n=31) were other than Salmonella isolates respectively. Out of 372 Salmonella isolates, most of the S. Typhi isolates i.e. 95.51% (n=255) and S. Paratyphi isolates i.e. 97.14% (n=102) are highly resistant to nalidixic acid. Most of these isolates were also found resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Therefore, screening of nalidixic acid susceptibility might be done prior to prescribe the drug for the treatment of enteric fever. Key Words: Blood culture, Nalixidic acid, Salmonella, enteric fever.

Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) is a large aromatic shrub around 4-5 meters in heights, growing in drier parts of India. In India, it is distributed in Kerala, Tamilnadu, and Goa. It is frequently available in North Karnataka i.e. Belgavi, Dharwad, Gadag, Bellary, Bijapur. During month of January. The plant V.negundoWas collected from Gokak taluk, Belgavi district, Karnataka, India. The plant V.negundo is known to exhibit many dynamic biological and pharmacological activities particularly the stem of this plant are being used for antifungal drug. The antifungal activity of the extracts of V.negundo was studied in comparison with that of standard antifungal drug, Ciclopirox olamine, by cup-plate method. Keywords: Crude extract of stem of Vitex negundo, Anti-fungal activity and Method of testing anti-fungal activity by cup-plate method.

To find out preferred learning style of South Indian medical students using VARK questionnaire and to compare learning style preferences of non-clinical and clinical medical students. This descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted in a private medical college of south India. A total of 371 (n=371) students, belonging to different years of M.B.B.S degree were participated in this study. Version 7.8 of the VARK questionnaire form measures four perceptual learning preferences viz. Visual (V), Auditory (A), Reading (R) and Kinaesthetic (K). The VARK questionnaire form (Version 7.3) had 16 questions with four options for each question. Students were distributed the forms and requested to tick the appropriate answer for each question. They were also instructed to choose multiple options if they prefer multimodal learning styles. The VARK questionnaire forms will be collected and will be subjected for statistical analysis. Learning style preferences are expressed as percentages of students in each category. Student ‘t’test was used to compare learning style preferences among clinical and non-clinical medical students. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-17(Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The study included 222(59.8%) female medical students and 149 (40.2%) male medical students from all the phases of undergraduate medical course. A total of 349 (94.1%) medical students preferred quadri modal learning method, whereas remaining 22 (5.9%) preferred tri-modal learning method. Among the tri-modal learning modes, 2.9% of students preferred AKV (Auditory, Kinaesthetic, Visual) followed by 2.7 % to AKR (Auditory, Kinaesthetic, Reading) and remaining 0.3% to KVR (Kinaesthetic, Visual, Reading). Most of the students in the present study were multimodal learners. No difference in learning style was found between clinical and non-clinical students. As most of the students have different learning styles, the teachers have to use combination of teaching strategies in medical education. Keywords: Learning styles, Multi-modal learners, Medical Education Damage.

Dietary supplements containing pomegranate arils seed extract are popular Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment and prevention of a number of inflammatory diseases as arthritis and other inflammatory painful diseases due to its components of polyphenols, which have potential antioxidant, exerting anti-inflammatory comparable and similar to that of NSAIDs; those are associated with many side effects. Objective: Pomegranate seed arils extract chosen for testing its anti-inflammatory activities on formalin-induced inflammatory paw edema model, on acute pleurisy model induced by carrageenan and also, for testing its analgesic activities on acute visceral pain induced by acetic acid in experimental animals. The inflammatory paw edema induced by formalin in hind paw of rats, acute pleurisy induced by pleural injection of carrageenan in rats and acute pain model of writhing test induced by acetic acid in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measurement hind paw edema volume by water displacement method, volume of pleural exudate and its total leukocyte count were determined and numbers of writhes counted in writhing test and by comparing with control group and other groups taken a reference anti-inflammatory analgesic drug as Diclofenac sodium. There were a significant reduction in inflammatory paw edema volume, a significant reduction in inflammatory pleural exudate volume and its total content of leukocytes in rat groups received pomegranate seed extract and also, there was a significant reduction in numbers of writhing movements in mice groups received pomegranate seed extract (p<0.05) compared to others without treatment with pomegranate extract and when compared to reference animal groups treated by Diclofenac sodium. The results demonstrated that pomegranate arils seed extracts possess potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that can signify the basis for traditional uses of pomegranate extracts for acute and chronic inflammatory painful disorders as arthritis and pleuritis. Keywords: Punica granatum L, Pomegranate arils seed extract, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Formalin, Carrageenan, Acetic acid, Diclofenac sodium.

The present study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Chaetomorpha litorea Harvey collected from Koothankuzhi coast in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical by the method of Mensor et al. and a reducing power by Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) assay. The percentage of scavenging activity of DPPH by methanol extract at 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg were 48.14, 59.38, 76.58, 87.27 and 94.64% respectively. At a concentration of 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg of methanol extract, the absorbance were 0.215, 0.272, 0.312, 0.329 and 0.349 respectively. These results similar to those obtained from the DPPH assay in which 500μg showed the highest total antioxidant capacity, followed by 400μg, 300μg and 200μg, and lastly 100μg. The results showed that both DPPH scavenging activity and absorbance were increased when the concentration of methanol extract was also increased. Vitamin C, a strong anti-oxidant was also used as control, and the anti-oxidant potential was compared to all tested samples. Keywords: Chaetomorpha litorea, DPPH, Antioxidant Capacity.

The present study aimed that evaluation anti hyperlipidemic activity of root and leaf of the Bauhinia rufescens Lam, leaves of Cassia auriculata L, leaves and flowers of Mimosa pudica L by Maceration method. Individually and combined plants extracted poly herbal extraction and screened for phytochemical study performed Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of crude extracts for root and leaf of the Bauhinia rufescens Lam, leaves of Cassia auriculata L, leaves and flowers of Mimosa pudica L and poly herbal extraction for Anti-Hyperlipidemic activity by Triton X 100 Induced Hyperlipidemia model, High Fat Diet (FD) induced hyperlipidemic model, Estimation of Serum total cholesterol (TC) CHOD- PAP, Estimation of serum triglycerides, Estimation of HDL-cholesterol, Estimation of LDL cholesterol, Phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpinoids, carbohydrates and glycosides in poly herbal methanolic extraction and individual plant extraction, In acute toxicity studies no mortality was observed with either of the extracts even at the dose level of 2000mg/kg body weight. In the present study, the methanol extracts of three plants reduced the cholesterol and triglycerides in a manner similar to the reduction facilitated by atorvastatin. The hypolipidemic activities of atorvastatin and the methanol extract of individual and polyherbal extraction were evident in both synthesis and excretory phases of triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Keywords: Bauhinia rufescens Lam, Cassia auriculata L, Mimosa pudica L.