ABSTRACT

Gastric cancer remains of difficult care to care primarily because many patients present with advanced, stage of the diseases. It is also dangers since many patients die because of the disease. This study aims at the evaluation of CA stomach in patients with acid symptoms its histopathological types and the race of after factors.

Keywords : Gastric cancer, peptic ulcer, Carcinoma stomach, Reflux esophagus.

ABSTRACT

Objective of the present study to neuropsychopharmacological profile of flunarizine in laboratory animals. The study was conducted using adult Swiss albino mice (n = 6 in each group) and was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Separate experiments were carried out to study effects of flunarizine at two doses (10, 20 mg/kg; i.p.) on thiopentone induced sleeping time, on spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA), on neurotoxicity (rota rod apparatus) and on haloperidol (1 mg/kg) induced catalepsy. The data was analyzed by paired t test and one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test and p<0.05 was considered significant. Flunarizine did not show any significant potentiation of sleeping time induced by thiopentone. 69 % reduction of SLA in the control group (chlorpromazine 3 mg/kg; i.p) and 43 % reduction in 20 mg/kg dose of flunarizine were observed. The number of falls of mice did not differ significantly from control and there was no potentiation of haloperidol induced catalepsy. Results indicate that flunarizine which is a potent candidate as future atypical antipsychotic and anti-anxiety agent does not cause sedation, neurotoxicity and motor side effect. However, detailed studies are required to establish its benefits at molecular level.

Keywords: Flunarizine, Atypical anti-psychotic, Anti-anxiety agent.

ABSTRACT

An attempt was made to isolate industrially important microorganisms from diverse samples collected from Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia. Samples were aseptically collected from cafeteria soil, lake water, rotten wood soil, mangrove swamp, plastic bag and sewage water. All the nine isolates were investigated for biochemical test like indole test, methyl red test, Macconkey test, Celluose utilization test. Morphological testing such as gram staining, motility test, Mannitol semi solid agar method were investigated. The aim of this work was to study the ability of the microorganism to produce enzyme protease. Proteases are one of the most important industrial enzymes with much potential application in the food, leather and detergent industries. To explain the enzymes activity, its hydrolytic action was tested on casein. This proteolytic activity was carried out at 37°c and analysed using UV spectroscopy which showed the hydrolytic activity of protease on casein.

Keywords: Microorganisms; Protease; Casein; Hydrolytic Activity.

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia characterized by loss of central cholinergic neurons associated with a marked reduction in content of acetyl cholinesterase. Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors are used clinically for the treatment of mild to moderate neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study an attempt has been made to explore the Acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitory potential of Citrullus vulgaris seeds which has not been scientifically documented. Seeds of Citrullus vulgaris were extracted by using n-hexane solvent. Acetyl cholinesterase activity was measured using a UV spectrophotometry by Ellman’s method in the presence or absence of the extracts. Galanthamine was used as a positive control. The extract of Citrullus vulgaris showed more than 50% AChE inhibitory activity. The concentration required for 50% enzyme inhibition (IC50 value) was found to be 57.54μg/ml. Thus, C. vulgaris extract acts as a potent inhibitor of AChE which might be useful in improving memory and other cognitive functions associated with the cholinergic system.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Acetyl-cholinesterase, seeds.

ABSTRACT

Vetiveria zizanioides (poaceae) is commonly known as Khas-Khas grass. The root of Vetiveria zizanioides is used as diaphoretic, refrigerant, febrifuge etc. They are useful in vitiated conditions of pitta and vata. In the present work, the sedative-hypnotic effects of two dose levels of ethanolic extract and one dose of essential oil of Vetiveria zizanioides root were evaluated at 150mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 2ml/kg respectively by monitoring potentiation of phenobarbital (50mg/kg i.p) induced onset of sleep and duration methods. Oral administration of the ethanolic extract (150mg, 250mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant sedation and hypnosis by decreasing time of onset of sleep and increase in total duration of sleep in swiss-albino mice(P<0.05) as compared to control whereas essential oil(2ml/kg) showed significance as compared to control and Diazepam(3mg/kg) treated groups. Significant loss of motor coordination was observed with ethanolic extract groups compared to control (P<0.05). Loss of motor coordination in essential oil group was non-significant (P>0.05) compared to diazepam treated group but siginifcant compared to ethanolic extracts and control groups (P<0.05). Altogether, the results of this study suggest the synergistic sedative-hypnotic effects of extract of V.zizanioides, and these effects are more prominent with essential oil of vetiver that could be comparable with Diazepam at sedative-hypnotic doses.

Keywords: Sedative- Hypnotic, Vetiveria zizanioides, Phenobarbital, Diazepam, essential oil.

ABSTRACT

To study the anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Xeromphis uliginosa in albino mice. Anticonvulsant activity for Xeromphis uliginosa was evaluated in albino mice of either sex at 3 different dose levels (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg p.o.) by MES assessed using albino mice against Maximum Electroshock Seizure (MES) test. The ethanolic extract of Xeromphis uliginosa reduced the duration of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE) in a dose dependent manner against MES model. The ethanolic extract of Xeromphis uliginosa inhibits MES-induced convulsions. The extract showed significant (p<0.001) against both MES (maximal electroshock).

Keywords: Anticonvulsant, Xeromphis uliginosa, MES model.

ABSTRACT
Present study deals with the comparative study of hematological parameters of healthy and Saprolegnia sp. infected Clarias gariepinus. For this study 10 healthy and 15 infected fishes measuring average values of 16 ± 3 cm in length and 13 ± 3 gm in weight were used. Significant changes were observed in Hemoglobin content, Red Blood Cell count, White Blood Cell count, Packed Cell Volume, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration and differential count of WBCs. It was observed during the study in Saprolegnia infected fish there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) content, Red Blood Cell count (RBCs), Packed Cell Volume (PCV),Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin  concentration (MCHC), lymphocytes and Eosinophils percentage. While Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), White Blood Cell count (WBCs) and Neutrophils percentage and Monocytes were found significantly increased as compared to healthy fish. Histological studies of infected tissues showed various types of destructions due to hyphal penetration deep into muscular layer, spores were observed in underlying musculature and granulomas were formed with fibrillar layers. Infection was observed in form of fungoid patches and lesions.

Keywords: Clarias gariepinus,. hematological parameters, Saprolegnia sp.

ABSTRACT

The present study was attempted to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of ethanol extract of Tinospora sinensis flowers in Hydrogenated Groundnut Oil induced hypercholesterolemia in albino rats. Hydrogenated groundnut oil induced a significant increase in total cholesterol, phospholipids, Low density lipoproteins, Triglycerides and decrease in high density lipoproteins. Reduction in the activity of lipoprotein lipase was observed. Hydrogenated groundnut oil also decreased the levels of SOD, CAT and reduced glutathione with associated increase in lipid peroxidation. Treatment with Tinospora sinensis flowers (200 mg./kg b.wt./day) altered the improper metabolic profile and it was leads to hypolipidemia.

Keywords: Lipid profile, antioxidant, Tinospora sinensis flowers, Hydrogenated Groundnut Oil.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antipyretic activity of the methanol extract of Ulva rigida C.Ag. collected from Hare island, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India on albino mice. The antipyretic activity of Ulva rigida C.Ag. was studied in Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia on albino mice. Paracetamol (10mg/kg) was taken as standard drug. The various doses of methanol extract used are 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight of Ulva rigida C.Ag. 400mg/kg methanol extract showed significant decrease in elevated body temperature while 200mg/kg methanol extract showed less effect. 400mg/kg methanol extract exhibited closely significant (p<0.05) decrease in elevated body temperature as compared to standard drug.

Keywords: Green seaweed, Ulva rigida, Antipyretic, Pyrexia, Paracetamol.

ABSTRACT Ethanolic extract of leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana, Lam. has shown hypoglycemic effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Present study was performed to evaluate the phytochemical screening of Ethyl Acetate fraction of leaves of Z. mauritiana, Lam. (EAZM) and study its effects on diabetes and diabetic neuropathy in STZ induced diabetic mice. Overnight fasted experimental mice were injected with STZ at a multiple dose of 40 mg/kg body weight for 5 consecutive days. Effects of EAZM on blood glucose were evaluated and action on diabetic neuropathy was studied using behavioral biomarkers of neuropathy as animal models. EAZM revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids, indicated dose and time dependent decrease in serum glucose level till 4 weeks of treatment. Diabetic Neuropathy was studied under Thermal Hyperalgesia, Cold Allodynia and Motor In co-ordination. EAZM has increased the tail withdrawal latency in Tail Flick, Tail Immersion and Hot Plate test. It was also found that EAZM has increased the paw withdrawal latency in Cold Allodynia. In Beam Walk test, EAZM decreased the number of foot slips. It can be concluded that EAZM ie. Ethyl Acetate fraction of methanolic extract of Ziziphus mauritiana, Lam. leaves has Antidiabetic activity and also protective against diabetic neuropathy in STZ induced diabetic mice.

Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana, STZ, diabetes, Behavioral Biomarkers, Diabetic Neuropathy, Thermal Hyperalgesia, Cold Allodynia, Motor in coordination.

Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis. A lot of experiments & epidemiological evidence suggests a relationship between atherosclerosis and elevated levels of plasma lipids. Present study was undertaken to evaluate hyperlipidemic activity of Commiphora weightiti extract and also to compare lipid lowering activity of Commiphora wightii extract with Atorvastatin. New Zealand white rabbits of either sex (800-1000 gm) were divided into 4 groups of six animals each. Group one normal control group, group two hyperlipidemic control groups, group three hyperlipidemic test drug groups and group four hyperlipidemic standard drug group. All the drugs were given orally once daily. Blood samples were collected from lateral marginal ear vein of rabbit. The serum of each animal was estimated for different lipid parameters like serum triglyceride, total serum cholesterol, serum HDL, serum LDL and serum VLDL. After 8 week of treatment extract of Commiphora wightii lowers total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL,VLDL level at the same time it raise HDL which is protective. Atorvastatin also significantly lowers lipid parameters. But the fall in lipid parameters is more with Atorvastatin when compared to extract of Commiphora wightii showing more effectiveness. The results of present study indicate that extract of Commiphora wightii in dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight has significant hypolipidimic activity compared to that of Atorvastatin.
Keywords: Commiphora wightii, Atorvastatin, Hyperlipidemia.

A simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method was described for the determination of Imipenem in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of colored chromogen when the drug reacts with chloranilic acid. This method was applied for the determination of drug contents in pharmaceutical formulations and enabled the determination of the selected drug in microgram quantities (0.5 to 3.0 mL). No interferences were observed from excipients and the validity of the method was tested against reference method. The colored species has an absorption maximum at 518 nm for Imipenem and obeys beer’s law in the concentration range 3-50 μg/mL of Imipenem. The apparent molar absorptivity was 115x10-5 and sandell’s sensitivity was 175x10-3. The slope is 0.1703 ± 0.0046, the intercept of the equation of the regression line is -0.0155 ± 0.0084. The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction have been studied and the validity of the described procedure was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of Imipenem in pharmaceutical formulations.
Keywords: Imipenem, Chloranilic acid, Chromogen, Molar absorptivity, Sandell’s sensitivity Spectrophotometry.

ABSTRACT

Discoveries in the past two decades have continued to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of wound healing and animal models have played a significant role to define the basic mechanisms of treatment of wound healing. Both In vitro and In vivo models have been developed in the past years to study the agents having wound healing activity. In vitro models are useful, quick, and relatively inexpensive. In vitro models includes scratch assay, chorio allantoic membrane assay, fibroblast assay, keratinocytes assay, electrical healing assay, collagen assay, MPO assay, hyaluronidase inhibition assay, collagenase inhibition assay and elastase inhibition assay. In-vivo small animals provide a multitude of model choices for various human wound conditions. In vivo models include incision models, excision models, dead space models, burn models. Wound healing property measurement can be categorized into physical attributes like wound contraction, epithelization and scar remodelling which can be monitored by measuring the total wound area, open wound area and noting the physical changes in scar e.g. size, shape and colour etc, mechanical attributes like tensile strength, biochemical attributes like estimation of hydroxyproline, hexosamine and hexuronic acid and histopathological attributes. This review aims to highlight some of the new and currently used experimental models that are used for the evaluation of wound healing agents.

Keywords: Wound healing, invitro, invivo, evaluation parameter, collagen.

ABSTRACT

Stress leads to threatened body homeostasis which causes biochemical and physiological changes that result in serious health risks. The aim of present study was to evaluate anti-stress effects of resveratrol, a polyphenol compound in an animal model of chronic restraint stress (CS). The effect of resveratrol was studied on CS-induced perturbations in behavioral, biochemical and brain oxidative stress status. The rats were subjected to restrain stress in an adjustable cylindrical plastic tube for 3 h once daily for ten consecutive days. Resveratrol (20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg) were administered 60 min prior to the stress procedure for 10 days. Behavioral parameters (ambulations and rearing); biochemical parameters like serum glucose, creatinine, corticosterone levels and total leucocyte count were measured. On day 10, the rats were sacrificed and biochemical assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GSH) in whole rat brain were performed. Exposure to chronic restraint stress produced significant reduction of ambulations and rearings in open field test. Pretreatment with resveratrol normalized the behavioral parameters. Chronic restraint stress produced elevation in serum glucose (136 ± 0.2 mg/dl), creatinine (3.34 ± 0.01 mg/dl), corticosterone (17.2 ± 0.09 μg/dl) levels and total leucocytes (8033 ± 10.4 cells/mm3). Administration of resveratrol significantly reversed these changes. Restraint stress also causes significant reduction in CAT, SOD, GSH levels and increased lipid peroxidation in rat brain. Resveratrol significantly restored brain oxidative stress indices. This proved that resveratrol reversed oxidative damage to brain and possesses promising anti-stress activity.

Keywords: Catalase, Chronic restraint stress, HPA axis, Lipid peroxidation, Restraint stress, Resveratrol.

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this present study is to improve the fatty acid content in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio by means of providing manufactured feed. Four experimental diets were prepared with the use of vegetable proteins and different grades of fish oil (0%, 2.5 %, 5%, 7.5 %) respectively. Diet I considered as the control feed. After 30 days experimental study, fishes were analysed for fatty acid content. C18:2 *9 found as the primary monounsaturated fatty acid in all groups of experimental fishes. C18:2 *6 is the second high level fatty acid (PUFA) in all groups of fishes. PUFA show marked increase in Group II, III, IV fishes than control fishes. USFA/SFA value is above 0.35 is beneficial. Our study shows values 2.5, 2.3, 1.8 and 2.5 in four groups of fishes respectively. The present study concluded PUFA content improved in fresh water fish, C.carpio by manufactured feed.

Keywords: C.carpio, Fish oil, Manufactured feed, Fatty acid.

The area on the popliteal surface of the femur behind the medial condyle and behind the adductor tubercle. The lateral head is linked to the lower section of the supracondylar line and the lateral surface of the lateral condyle. The inferolateral and inferomedial boundaries of the popliteal fossa are formed when the two heads meet at the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa. The tendinous attachments spread to cover the posterior surface of each head with an aponeurotic sis, from which muscle fibers emerge on the anterior surface. Muscle fibers begin to enter into the broad aponeurosis as the muscle descends, which contracts and receives the soleus tendon on its deep surface to create the Calcaneal or Achilles tendon. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius muscle. The gastrocnemius muscle was found to be particularly massive. Along with the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius, an accessory head was seen on the lateral side, forming the inferolateral and inferomedial boundaries of the popliteal fossa. As illustrated in the accessory head originated from the lateral femoral condyle and the adjacent region of the lateral supracondylar line. After reviewing the literature and comparing the current case, we have determined that this is a case of the third/accessory head of the gastrocnemius muscle, which originates from the popliteal surface of the femur and attaches distally to the junction of the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. It's likely that this variant muscle compresses the tibial nerve and popliteal arteries, and that being aware of this could avoid radiologists and surgeons from misinterpreting it as a pathological structure.